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Some technologies provide short-term energy storage, while others can endure for much longer. Bulk energy storage is currently dominated by hydroelectric dams, both conventional as well as pumped. Grid energy storage is a collection of methods used for energy storage on a large scale within an electrical power grid.
Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) systems store energy in a magnetic field created by the flow of direct current in a superconducting coil that has been cooled to a temperature below its superconducting critical temperature. A typical SMES system includes a superconducting coil, power conditioning system and refrigerator.
Latent heat can also be stored in technical phase change materials (PCMs). These can be encapsulated in wall and ceiling panels, to moderate room temperatures. Liquid hydrocarbon fuels are the most commonly used forms of energy storage for use in transportation, followed by a growing use of Battery Electric Vehicles and Hybrid Electric Vehicles.
Hydropower, a mechanical energy storage method, is the most widely adopted mechanical energy storage, and has been in use for centuries. Large hydropower dams have been energy storage sites for more than one hundred years.
Local resources Since the publication of the Catalogue of Encouraged Industries in the Hainan Free Trade Port (2020 Edition), which was updated and expanded in 2024 (2024 Edition)3, Hainan's four leading industries – tourism, modern service industry, high‑ and new‑tech industry, and high‑efficiency tropical agriculture – have grown rapidly.
It is regarded as a special area for China to comprehensively deepen economic reform and experiment with the highest level of opening-up policies. Hainan Free Trade Port is not a seaport in the usual sense, but the entire Hainan Island is regarded as a special economic development area.
On November 20, 2022, the first foreign-invested enterprise cluster in Hainan Free Trade Port serving foreign-invested enterprises was unveiled in Qiongshan District, Haikou, and six foreign-invested enterprises signed letters of intent to move in at the same time.
Institutional, independent, and unilateral opening up are key features of the Hainan FTP. They represent the highest forms of China's opening up and provide a new window for observing its effectiveness. The launch of the independent customs operations is a crucial phase in the construction of the Hainan FTP.
